why is buckminsterfullerene a good lubricant

Heath and his wife, Carmen, tried and failed that evening to build a geodesic dome out of Gummy Bears and toothpicks. Due to their ability to decrease the transmittance of light, buckminsterfullerenes are able to be used as optical limiters. Who invented buckminsterfullerene? Nanotubes in particular exhibit a wide range of novel mechanical and electronic properties. Electrons in graphene take a special electronic state called Dirac-cone where they behave as if they have no mass. (so molecules) will roll. The name was chosen because the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller provided a clue that the molecules atoms might be arranged in the form of a hollow cage. Toxicity of fullerenes Nanotubes as compact tangles might lead to lung fibrosis and cancer, whereas as fibres they might also affect the pleura and cause mesothelioma, like asbestos. The study found that the theoretical amount of H2 that can be retrieved from the OBB at ambient pressure approaches 9wt%, a mass fraction that has been designated as optimal for hydrogen fuel by the U.S. Department of Energy. C60 is sensitive to light,[49] so leaving C60 under light exposure causes it to degrade, becoming dangerous. The shape of fullerene,C60 resembles a soccer ball. Is C60 harmful? During experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which long-chain carbon molecules are formed in interstellar space and circumstellar shells 1, graphite . Their hollow structure could make them useful for delivering medicine in the future. 2006. They start rotating at about 20C. Discovery of Fullerenes. C60 forms a brownish solid with an optical absorption threshold at 1.6eV. The following are easily extracted from the soot by dissolving them in benzene or hydrocarbon solvents, giving a red solution and finally mustard colour crystals. molecules are spherical Match. Use Figure 1 . There are weak intermolecular forces between molecules of buckminsterfullerene. Smalley had stumbled through trial-and-error on a mathematical truth Fuller employed in his domes: a sheet of hexagons can be made to curl by using pentagons.26 Sixty, it turned out, was the only number of atoms that could form a nearly perfect sphere. Complexes have been reported molybdenum, tungsten, platinum, palladium, iridium, and titanium. Their hollow structure could make them useful for delivering medicine in the future. is used as a superconductor below 18K, which means that it carries an electric current with zero resistance. Buckminsterfullerene was discovered by Sir Harry Kroto of the University of Sussex and Richard Smalley and Bob Curl of Rice University in 1985 during a joint research project. Photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. There are two major families of fullerenes, with fairly distinct properties and applications: the closed buckyballs and the open-ended cylindrical carbon nanotubes. Buckyballs may be used to trap free radicals generated during an allergic reaction and block the inflammation that results from an allergic reaction. Explore the interesting world of science with articles, videos and more. Kroto also remembered visiting Fullers famous geodesic dome at Expo 67 in Montreal.19, At one point, the team viewed a photograph of one of the architects domes, a shed for railroad rolling stock designed by Fuller for the Union Tank Car Company in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Thanks again to Dr. Mody for making this interview available. [36][37], In solid buckminsterfullerene, the C60 molecules adopt the fcc (face-centered cubic) motif. Thus, fullerene may be highly useful in preventing many skin problems related to oxidative stress. This 24th-century science experiment may not constitute an application, but another Star Trek episode mentioned the use of C70 (a 70-atom fullerene) in a communicator.". Kroto and Smalley later disagreed on which one of them pushed the idea at first and who came up with the eventual name for C60. Fullerenes have been found in geological formations and in sooty flames. ACS-Hach Programs Kroto and Smalley thought hexagons made up the surface of geodesic domes. Although in each molecule every carbon is only covalently bonded to 3 others and the other electrons are delocalised, these electrons cannot jump between different molecules. It is what is called an "allotrope" of carbon, the others being diamond, graphene, and graphite. pipette measures one fixed The answer came a few minutes later in a return call: I could explain this to you in a number of ways, but what youve got there, boys, is a soccer ball.28, The Nature letter describing C60 was attractive and logical, but seeing a line in a mass spectrum did not convince all scientists of the discovery of a new allotrope of carbon. Multiwall carbon nanotubes might also be associated to the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary disease induced by particulate mater. fullerene, also called buckminsterfullerene, any of a series of hollow carbon molecules that form either a closed cage ("buckyballs") or a cylinder (carbon "nanotubes"). The C60 molecules can also be coupled through a [2+2] cycloaddition, giving the dumbbell-shaped compound C120. Test. Buckminsterfullerene is a black solid that dissolves in hydrocarbon solvents to produce a violet solution. Kagaku (Kyoto) (in Japanese). Although researchers have had no shortage of ideas for uses of fullerenes, none of these have yet been shown to be commercially competitive. Designated October 11, 2010, at the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University in Houston, Texas. The reactants contain a t Graphene has a two dimensional structure while fullerene has a three dimensional structure. So it has five membered rings less than six membered rings. Graphene occurs as sheets of carbon while fullerene occurs as spheres of carbon. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Their hollow structure could make them useful for delivering medicine in the future. This is how they can carry drug molecules around the body and deliver them to where they are needed, and trap dangerous substances in the body and remove them. The scientists were stumped at first by the stable, sixty-carbon molecule that did not react with other molecules, which suggested it had no dangling bonds. Carbon has four perfect crystalline forms: graphite, diamond, Buckminsterfullerene and a fullerene nanotube. Reaction of C60 with 9,9,10,10-dihydroanthracene under the same conditions, depending on the time of reaction, gives C60H32 and C60H18 respectively and selectively. concentration of electrolyte [38][41], C60 undergoes six reversible, one-electron reductions, ultimately generating C660. Buckminsterfullerene was discovered by Sir Harry Kroto of the University of Sussex and Richard Smalley and Bob Curl of Rice University in 1985 during a joint research project. Fullerene is able to fit inside the hydrophobic cavity of HIV proteases, inhibiting the access of substrates to the catalytic site of enzyme. , What errors can you come across when reading a thermometer, How many Hydrogen atoms in the formula 4H3O2. [See Figure 6] Some scientists therefore had hoped that it could be used as a lubricant, but tests have proved unsuccessful, and most scientists now feel that it is a dead end (4). Buckyballs may be used to trap free radicals generated during an allergic reaction and block the inflammation that results from an allergic reaction. When alkali metals are doped into these voids, C60 converts from a semiconductor into a conductor or even superconductor. Its molecules are made up of 60 carbon atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds. They can act as hollow cages to trap other molecules. Their discovery lead to a Nobel Prize in 1996. Sixty carbon atoms form the shape of a ball like a football with a carbon atom at each corner of the 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. A high pressure burst of gas sweeps the vapor through the machine into a vacuum chamber, where clusters begin to condense as the vapor cools. Three reversible oxidation processes have been observed by using cyclic voltammetry with ultra-dry methylene chloride and a supporting electrolyte with extremely high oxidation resistance and low nucleophilicity, such as [nBu4N] [AsF6].[42]. What was the first fullerene to be discovered? Explore Career Options The midpoint potentials of 1-electron reduction of buckminsterfullerene and its anions is given in the table below: C60 forms a variety of charge-transfer complexes, for example with tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene: This salt exhibits ferromagnetism at 16K. C60 oxidizes with difficulty. ACS President Joseph S. Francisco, Houston Mayor Annise Parker, Sean OBrien, Harrold (Harry) Kroto, Robert Curl, and Rice University President David W. Leebron. C60 fullerenes may also be used as additives for synthetic diamonds high-pressure methods. Incidentally, there was a scene in Star Trek: The Next Generation in which Worf's son Alexander produced fullerenes in chemistry class and filled them with water. Flashcards. Its molecules are made up of 60 carbon atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds. The reaction is reversible as C120 dissociates back to two C60 molecules when heated at 450K (177C; 350F). In this case, the new product would have to be better, cheaper, less harmful to the environment or in some other way superior to what is now available. Now no cheating was required. Your email address will not be published. A technology based on nanotubes might never have come had it not been for the discovery of fullerenes. anatomy questions you got wrong from pass med? "In the early days (1990 and 1991), there was much speculation about the potential uses of fullerenes. State whether the solutes and solvents in the following combination are miscible or immiscible. Why is a buckminsterfullerene a good lubricant? Is buckminsterfullerene a network solid? These need little energy to overcome, so buckminsterfullerene is slippery and has a low melting point. Nicknamed buckyballs, this first known stable molecular form of carbon not only opened up a new field of organic chemistry but also, through the development of carbon nanotubes, a new field of materials science. Copyright 2022 Home Life Answers All Rights Reserved Noveladd, Why Is Buckminsterfullerene A Good Lubricant. The second preterm newborn, a boy, was delivered 2 years ago at 35 weeks gestation and spent 4 days in the hospital before discharge. The 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, and Harold Kroto for their discovery of a new allotrope of carbon, C60 called buckminsterfullerene. addition with hydrogen to give polyhydrofullerenes. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Buckminsterfullerenes ability to trap different atoms or molecules makes them useful in the medical field. These need little energy to overcome, so buckminsterfullerene is slippery and has a low melting point. They can act as hollow cages to trap other molecules. or Fullerenes are closed cage structures. [53], An experiment in 20112012 administered a solution of C60 in olive oil to rats, achieving a major prolongation of their lifespan. Her vaginal examination findings indicate her cervix to be long, closed, and thick with membranes intact. C60 forms complexes akin to the more common alkenes. Have buckminsterfullerenes (buckyballs) been put to any practical uses This soot is mainly carbon black but contains a significant amount of C, carbon cluster compound, in this process smaller amounts of other fullerenes C, Physical Properties of Buckminsterfullerene. They can act as hollow cages to trap other molecules. Cyclopropanation also occur readily with diazomethanes. Smalley wrote: Thus to the modern chemist a continuing study of pure carbon would seem to offer little hope for excitement. Richard Smalley, Great Balls of Carbon: The Story of Buckminsterfullerene, The Sciences (March/April 1991): 22. Answer in terms of structure and bonding. Silver nanoparticles are sometimes used in socks to prevent foot odour. Their hollow structure could make them useful for delivering medicine in the future. When an electric spark is struck between graphite electrodes, soot is produced. Adapted for the internet from The Discovery of Fullerenes, produced by the National Historic Chemical Landmarks program of the American Chemical Society in 2010. These structures are yet another example of a new molecular structure that, with a fertile imagination, might lead to a commercial product--perhaps by aiding in the study and manipulation of materials at the atomic scale. In the case of platinum complex, the labile ethylene ligand is the leaving group in a thermal reaction: Titanocene complexes have also been reported: Coordinatively unsaturated precursors, such as Vaska's complex, for adducts with C60: One such iridium complex, [Ir(2-C60)(CO)Cl(Ph2CH2C6H4OCH2Ph)2] has been prepared where the metal center projects two electron-rich 'arms' that embrace the C60 guest. Motivational and inspirational sources to all those parents to enjoy life with their babies, Home FAQ Why Is Buckminsterfullerene A Good Lubricant. ACS Fall 2023 Call for Abstracts, Launch and grow your career with career services and resources. Little energy is needed to overcome these forces, so substances consisting of buckyballs are slippery and have lower melting points than graphite or diamond . . For example, diphenyldiazomethane reacts readily with C60 to give the compound C61Ph2. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 FAQS Clear - All Rights Reserved The resulting compounds (assigned the formulas [emailprotected]60) have been extensively studied. Who discovered fullerene? - TimesMojo Suggest why Buckminsterfullerene is a good lubricant. This experiment also could be a preliminary pilot for a rather more complicated experiment that might solve a long-standing puzzle in astronomythe carriers of the mysterious and now legendary diffuse interstellar bands. The C60 molecule has the highest possible symmetry (icosahedral) and assumes the shape of a soccer ball. (so) the zinc iodide would not be In this building in early September 1985, a team of scientists discovered a previously unknown pure carbon molecule, C60, which they dubbed buckminsterfullerene. Curl telephoned to ask whether Kroto wanted the Rice team to carry out the experiment and send him the data or if wanted to come to Houston. Quick Answer: Why Is Crafting And Building Not Working, A Did You Draw The Outer Shell Electrons Unpaired Why, Your Question: Why You Can T Craft Chain Armor, Quick Answer: Why Arts And Crafts Are Important, Your Question: Why You Love Arts And Crafts, Your Question: Why Is Craft Beer So Expensive, Can You Draw An Equilateral Triangle On A Grid, Quick Answer: Can You Draw All Exodia Pieces, Your Question: Can You Draw An Equilateral Polygon That Is Not Equiangular, Your Question: Can You Draw An Equation On Google Docs, Your Question: Can You Draw An Arrow In Pdf, Can You Draw An Outline In Pencil And Then Watercolor, Your Question: Can You Draw All Network Bandwidth To One Computer, Your Question: Can You Draw An Outline In Pencil And Thenwaerclor. Why are fullerenes used for drug delivery? Find a chemistry community of interest and connect on a local and global level. But will such applications eventually arise? lessons learnt in paper 1 spec Flashcards | Quizlet Because we were trying to avoid needless overlap and competition with the Exxon group, Smalley wrote, their steady progress in the field was yet another disincentive to taking up work on carbon clusters at Rice.7, Despite the Exxon work, Smalley relented a year later and agreed to let Kroto use the cluster beam apparatus. Why are fullerenes used for drug delivery? He began by cutting out hexagons, about an inch on each side, from a pad of legal paper. This soot is mainly carbon black but contains a significant amount of C60. Carbon nanotubes are very strong and light, and can act as semiconductors or conductors. remember cm3 is a ml and dm3 is almost a litre, AQA GCSE Physics (9-1) Topic 3 - Particle Mod. This change is associated with a first-order phase transition to an fcc structure and a small, yet abrupt increase in the lattice constant from 1.411 to 1.4154nm.[38]. membered carbon rings. It conducts heat and electricity. These need little energy to overcome, so buckminsterfullerene is slippery and has a low melting point. It was also described that the buckyball molecules are found to be large and form CC bond and produce a structure like trigonally establishing spheroids. There may be a breakthrough just around the corner, but the applications sector is likely to establish property rights before disclosing the breakthrough. A few decades later, visionary architect, inventor, and . Graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity. Created by. It was born of astronomy, by the wish to grasp the behavior of carbon in red giant stars in interstellar gas clouds and by the work of Curl and Smalley in cluster chemistry at Rice University. The discovery of fullerenes also led to research in carbon nanotubes, the cylindrical cousins of buckyballs, and the development of new fields of advanced materials. In 1996, Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of the fullerenes. Prior to their discovery, only two well-defined allotropes of carbon were knowndiamond (composed of a three-dimensional crystalline array of carbon atoms) and graphite (composed of stacked sheets of two-dimensional hexagonal arrays of carbon atoms). Molecules of C 60 are spherical. A second laser pulse ionizes the clusters, pushing them into a mass spectrometer, where the clusters are analyzed.4, In 1984, Kroto met Robert Curl, an old friend, at a conference in Austin, Texas. Sadly, his mathematic discoveries never escaped Euclid's "father of geometry" dominance going back to the . Chemical Properties of Buckminsterfullerene, Buckminsterfullerene can easily be reduced electrochemically to form fulleride ion, It reacts with group-1 metals forming solid K. , which acts as a superconductor below 18K. Buckminsterfullerene is used for the development of protective eyewear and optical sensors. Buckyballs are good lubricants because of their spherical shape. Where does the name buckminsterfullerene come from? Use Figure 5. Not to my knowledge. What was the first fullerene to be discovered? Uncover the Chemistry in Everyday Life. A federal judge overturned a 2012 ban on the sale of the toy, meaning its now legal to sell them in the U.S. again. The newborn girl was in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for 3 weeks and discharged without sequelae. Osmium tetroxide, a powerful oxidizing agent. In spherical form, it is known as a buckyball. http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/fullerenes.html (accessed Month Day, Year). Is buckminsterfullerene crystalline or amorphous? For example motor oil, friction modifier, friction additive, gel, silicons, flourocarbons, ect. Its molecules are made up of 60 carbon atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds. [40] Fcc C60 contains voids at its octahedral and tetrahedral sites which are sufficiently large (0.6 and 0.2nm respectively) to accommodate impurity atoms. C60 (Buckminsterfullerene): The Top 11 Benefits & Uses of Carbon 60 Oil The American Chemical Society designated the discovery of the fullerenes as a National Historic Chemical Landmark in a ceremony at the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University in Houston, Texas, on October 11, 2010. It can catalyse photochemical refining in industry. comparison of mendeleev's periodic table and the one before that's, - both have similar elements in the same column, Some students investigated the energy changes occurring in the reaction between. Is buckminsterfullerene a giant molecular structure? How is buckminsterfullerene a good lubricant? A selective hydrogenation method exists. From 1985 to 1990, a series of studies indicated that C60, and also C70, were indeed exceptionally stable and provided convincing evidence for the cage structure proposal. In 1984 Richard Smalley found himself less than thrilled when he received a request from Harry Kroto, a chemist at the University of Sussex, to use equipment in Smalleys laboratory at Rice University to study a special kind of carbon molecule.1, In retrospect, Kroto writes, I seem to have been fascinated by various peculiar aspects of carbon chemistry for much of my research career.2 Kroto wanted to investigate the origins of the long linear carbon chain molecules that he, together with Canadian radio astronomers, had discovered in interstellar space several years earlier. When OsO, and 4-tert-butylpyridine, it produceing C, three metals inside the fullerene sphere. I feel comfortable that they will. The structures grid appeared to be entirely composed of hexagons. During the visit, Kroto realized that the technique might be used to simulate the chemical conditions in the atmosphere of carbon stars and so provide compelling evidence for his conjecture that the chains originated in stars. The C60 molecule has the highest possible symmetry (icosahedral) and assumes the shape of a soccer ball. All known carbon-containing molecules, even benzene, a very stable ring of carbon atoms, have edges that terminate with other elements. These polymers remain stable at ambient pressure and temperature once formed, and have remarkably interesting electronic and magnetic properties, such as being ferromagnetic above room temperature.[43]. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. [52] Since then, many oils with C60 have been sold as antioxidant products, but it does not avoid the problem of their sensitivity to light, that can turn them toxic. 2 : something that lessens or prevents friction or difficulty a social lubricant. With the fullerenes, there is still a fundamental uncertainty as to what the applications will be. A closed structure, a cage, would have no dangling bonds.17, None of the scientists on the team remembers who first suggested a caged structure. The elongated cousins of buckyballs, carbon nanotubes, were identified in 1991 by Iijima Sumio of Japan. For example, looking back a decade on the discovery of superconductivity in the cuprates (copper-containing materials that transport electricity without resistance at relatively high temperatures), it was clear from the beginning that these materials would find markets in current-carrying applications, once costs and technical problems were overcome. Kroto later wrote wrote that when Smalley tossed the paper model of twelve pentagons and twenty hexagons on a table in his office the next day, I was ecstatic and overtaken with its beauty.27 Smalley called a Bill Veech, chair of Rices mathematics department, to ask if he was familiar with the form. What are buckyballs for? As for the name, buckminsterfullerene, Curl only says, Harry was convinced that was his idea and Rick was convinced it was his idea and I'm convinced it wasn't my idea. have a deep purple color which leaves a brown residue on evaporation. Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 22:42, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of laboratory-produced carbon dust: evidence for the presence of the C, "Wave-particle duality in actionbig molecules surf on their own waves", "Discrete Fulleride Anions and Fullerenium Cations", "Hydrogen Storage in Novel Organometallic Buckyballs", "Ultrahard bulk amorphous carbon from collapsed fullerene", "C60 in olive oil causes light-dependent toxicity", "Disposition of fullerene C60 in rats following intratracheal or intravenous administration", "Fullerene Thin Films as Photovoltaic Material", "Fullerenes and Nanostructures in Diffusion Flames", A brief overview of buckminsterfullerene described by the University of Wisconsin-Madison, A report by Ming Kai College detailing the properties of buckminsterfullerene, Donald R. Huffman and Wolfgang Krtschmer's paper pertaining to the synthesis of C, An article about buckminsterfullerene on Connexions Science Encyclopaedia, Extensive statistical data compiled by the University of Sussex on the numerical quantitative properties of buckminsterfullerene, A web portal dedicated to buckminsterfullerene, authored and supported by the University of Bristol, Another web portal dedicated to buckminsterfullerene, authored and supported by the Chemistry Department at the University of Bristol, American Chemical Society's complete article on buckminsterfullerene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckminsterfullerene&oldid=1141987200, 0.40.5Pa (T 800K); 14Pa (T 900K), This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 22:42. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. Cyclopropanation of C60 mostly occurs at the junction of 2 hexagons due to steric factors. The discovery of the fullerenes pushed pursuit of the carbon chain interstellar band project out of further consideration, but others have pursued it, so far without positive results.3, Clusters of any element can be studied in the AP2 (pronounced app-two), the colloquial name of Smalleys machine. Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C60. https://www.britannica.com/science/fullerene, American Chemical Society - Discovery of Fullerenes, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Medicinal applications of fullerenes. Smalley, Great Balls of Carbon, p. 23; see also, Baggott, Ibid. This allows them to flow at very high speed, giving graphene a very high level of electrical conductivity. Suggest why it is cheaper to use nanoparticles of silver rather than coarse particles of silver. Specially, when fluorine is attached on the exterior which increases the ability of its round shape. Conference proceedings of "Dusty Objects in the Universe", pp.b 8993. Graphene also has two-dimensional Dirac-like excitations. Multiwall carbon nanotubes might also be associated to the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary disease induced by particulate mater. They chose the imaginative name buckminsterfullerene for the cluster in honour of the designer-inventor of the geodesic domes whose ideas had influenced their structure conjecture. (but) burette measures variable How is fullerene being used today? allow to evaporate / crystallise at heat with an electric heater The next morning, on the way to Rice, Smalley called Curl, asking him to assemble the team in Smalleys office. [43], Solutions of C60 can be oxygenated to the epoxide C60O. Both graphene and fullerene are allotrope of carbon. Eventually, he realized that even with cheating the hexagons would not close.23. intermolecular forces. One may also ask,why is c60 a good lubricant? Each carbon atom is bonded to three others and is sp2 hybridised. It can also be used as a storage for hydrogen atoms. A lubricant is a substance that allows materials to move over each other easily. Buckyballs are spheres or squashed spheres of carbon atoms. It readily accepts and donates electrons, a behaviour that suggests possible applications in batteries and advanced electronic devices. same effect. On the importance of carbon and its frequency of study, see Hugh Aldersey-Williams, Harold Kroto, Symmetry, Space, Stars and C, Smalley later wrote: To test the theory he [Kroto] wanted to reproduce the stellar conditions in the laboratory, and he knew Rice had the machinery to prove it. Smalley, Great Balls of Carbon, p. 22; Kroto describes his visit to Rice in 1984 in Kroto, C. [52], Otherwise, a study found that C60 remains in the body for a longer time than usual, especially in the liver, where it tends to be accumulated, and therefore has the potential to induce detrimental health effects. Suggest why Buckminsterfullerene is a good lubricant. The fullerene molecule was discovered by Richard Smalley. heat with a water bath This is how they can carry drug molecules around the body and deliver them to where they are needed, trap dangerous substances in the body and remove them. AZoM.com. Yuan Liu noted in the lab book, C60 and C70 are very strong, adding an exclamation mark and underlining the entry.13, From the beginning of the experiments, the team met regularly to analyze the data. Explain why a pipette is used to measure the sodium hydroxide solution but a burette [46], Endohedral fullerenes show distinct and intriguing chemical properties that can be completely different from the encapsulated atom or molecule, as well as the fullerene itself. Kroto was convinced that these unusual, long flexible molecules had been created in the atmospheres of carbon-rich red giant stars and wanted to prove this contention using Smalleys laser-supersonic cluster beam apparatus. Carbon nanotubes are very strong and light, and can act as semiconductors or conductors. room temperature, Explain why the scientist adds excess zinc rather than excess iodine, to make sure that all the iodine

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