Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. A story will illustrate the latter. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. Describe observational learning and modeling. If I do X, then Y will happen. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in:
a. specific brain structures. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. I'm here for you." The charge inside is -70mV at rest. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. a. gestalt theorist
b. psychodynamic theorist
c. existential theorist
d. evolutionary theorist. Preconditioning. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. The neuron. c. ego. a. sociocultural
b. biological
c. cognitive
d. demonological, 4. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? c. depression. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. a. behavior-focused
This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. d. humanistic. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. Conditioning is when learning occurs. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. 166. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. b. dendrites. 131. 56. 102. c. maintenance. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. b. Freud. Psychodynamic techniques. a. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Bacterial and viral infections. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. a. Perls. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. b. ones values and goals. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. 85. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. b. existential
Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? b. neurosis. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. b. b. working through. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. c. psychodynamic. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being.
The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. 59. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. b. operant conditioning. a. Sociocultural; biological
b. Psychodynamic; existential
c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral
d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. c. gestalt
d. acceptance and commitment, 97. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. In this case, extinction continues. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? A patient has social anxiety disorder. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. a. gestalt
b. object relations
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. self, 124. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. c. operant conditioning. b. Rogers. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. See Figure 2.4 below. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT:
a. social labels and roles. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship.
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