Differential impact of allelic ratio and insertion site in FLT3-ITDpositive AML with respect to allogeneic transplantation. Of note, we tested 3 different ITD length thresholds, and to be considered significant, the P value should be<0.025. No statistically significant differences were found (P=0.4) (Fig. Email. Conceptualization, T.C., J.M.A., E.B. FLT3 is a gene change, or mutation, in leukemia (blood cancer) cells. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY). PCR with fluorescently labeled primers followed by capillary electrophoresis for FLT3-ITD was performed as described elsewhere31. 135, 397402 (1986). Welch John, S. et al. PubMed Oncol. This review describes key milestones in the clinical development of different FLT3-specific TKI with a . We identified 1572 adult (age 18 year) patients with NPM1-mutated AML in first complete remission (CR1:78%) or . 13, 139 (2020). evaluated quizartinib (60mg daily) combined with either azacitidine or low-dose cytarabine in patients with newly diagnosed or R/R FLT3mut AML not eligible for intensive chemotherapy. As Dr. Erba explained, patients with FLT3 -ITD-positive AML represent a particularly poor prognostic group. Perl, A. E. et al. Taking into account the great number of comparisons performed, we cannot assume a real relationship between these mutations. Minetto, P. et al. However, in a recently released planned interim analysis, the study did not meet its primary endpoint of overall survival and may be terminated for futility46. J. Clinl. Administration of the triplet is associated with prolonged cytopenias, requiring close monitoring and experience with venetoclax based combinations. 19, 889903 (2018). FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in regulating proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Information regarding the ITD insertion site and mutational status of another 38 genes recurrently mutated in myeloid neoplasms was available in 106 and 118 patients, respectively. The sorafenib treatment arm had increased rates of adverse events, particularly diarrhea, bleeding, cardiac events, hand-foot-skin reaction, and rash but with no significant increase in the 30- or 60-day mortality between the two treatment arms. The non-intensive chemotherapy group received FLUGA (fludarabine+Ara-C), n=22; azacytidine, n=15; and decitabine, n=5, and one patient was treated with IDA-FLAG-Lite. Second-generation FLT3is potently and specifically target FLT3 with fewer off-target effects. and P.M.; Resources, T.C., J.M.A., E.B., R.R.V., C.S., C.G., M.C.C., M.B.V., R.G., J.M.L., R.M.A., M.J.L., E.A., R.C., A.C., E.C., E.S.S., J.L., I.R., L.A., C.R.M., C.B.S., J.A.L.L., J.S., E.C., M.J.S., M.T.O., J.S.G., M.M., C.B., J.L.L.L., D.M.C., M.A.S. Unlike midostaurin, quizartinib monotherapy, even at lower doses demonstrated significant marrow remissions in R/R FLT3mut AML35,36,37. 21, 12011212 (2020). (C) OS according to the FLT3-ITD length and allelic ratio. Among 362 patients, NGS was performed in 118 patients using a panel of 39 genes. Ravandi, F. et al. Biophys. Prognostic significance of baseline FLT3-ITD mutant allele level in acute myeloid leukemia treated with intensive chemotherapy with/without sorafenib. However, other studies did not find significantly worse clinical outcomes in patients with non-JMD ITD mutations24,25. The point mutations that lead to resistance include N676, F691, and D835, together with FLT3-ITD. 2018 Oct 23;2 (20):2744-2754. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020305. FLT3 activating mutations (FLT3mut) may involve either the juxta membrane domain [internal tandem duplication mutations (FLT3-ITD)]4 or the tyrosine kinase domain (FLT3-TKD)5,6. Musa Yilmaz, M. et al. Blood 124, 273276 (2014). Similarly, the median ITD length in three patients with EZH2mutations was 26bp vs 48bp in the wild-type group (n=65) (P=0.031). Posterior reversible encephalopathy and pancreatitis are rare (<12%) but important side effects to be aware of. Article By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Among 729 AML patients with FLT3-ITD mutations included in the PETHEMA AML epidemiologic registry between 2003 and 2019, FLT3-ITD length was available in 362: 188 males and 174 females; median age of 60.8years (range 17.191.4years). evaluated midostaurin with azacitidine in patients with both newly diagnosed and R/R AML regardless of FLT3 mutational status. mutations (1-year survival < 1% vs 42% in their presence vs absence) which should be incorporated in patient counseling. The primary resistance mechanisms include specific FLT3-TKD mutations (either single TKD mutations or compound mutations within the FLT3-ITD allele), mutations in genes other than FLT3, activation of alternative signaling pathways in leukemic cells or the bone marrow microenvironment that confer resistance to FLT3i68. AR is defined as the ratio of ITD-mutated alleles to wild-type allele (FLT3ITD/FLT3 wild-type)13. Am. Pulmonary infiltration and acute pneumonitis-like picture are rare (<1%) but noted side effects of midostaurin that treating physicians should be aware of. To mitigate prolonged myelosuppression with the triplet and avoid over-treatment, we perform an early bone marrow assessment on Cycle 1 Day 14 (Fig. Rydapt Prescribing Information. The median OS was 2.3years (CI: 1.03.6), 1.4years (CI: 1.01.8), 1.1years (CI: 0.81.3) and 1.0years (CI: 0.31.8), respectively (P=0.9). *C1 D14: Perform bone marrow biopsy; if bone marrow shows <5% blasts and/or <5% cellularity/insufficient sampleStop venetoclax and FLT3i on D14. Oncol. Haematologica (2021). These mutations arearranged in increasing order by FLT3-ITD length. fms3flt3-itdaml molm13baf3-flt3-itd p-erkp-akt . Regarding ITD length, some authors have found that patients with shorter ITD lengths have more favorable outcomes11,12 or worse prognoses13, while other researchers did not find a prognostic relationship14. Brinton, L. T. et al. All samples investigated in this study were obtained at the time of diagnosis. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00050-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00050-x. Clinical outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia treated with gilteritinib who received prior midostaurin or sorafenib. (A) Overall survival. 17 D2 D8, H-S Kim S Lee JH Kim 2018 Real-world evidence versus randomized controlled trial: Clinical research based on electronic medical records J Korean Med Sci 33 e213, RF Schlenk 2014 Differential impact of allelic ratio and insertion site in FLT3-ITD-positive AML with respect to allogeneic transplantation Blood 124 3441 3449, I Abou Dalle 2020 Impact of numerical variation, allele burden, mutation length and co-occurring mutations on the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in newly diagnosed FLT3- mutant acute myeloid leukemia Blood Cancer J. Moreover, we performed an analysis of the correlation of FLT3-ITD length and insertion sites with the mutational landscape of AML, which has not been carried out thus far. The median OS was 1.0years [CI not calculable (NC)], 2.3years (CI: 1.23.5), 1.6years (CI: 0.62.6) and 1.0years (CI: 0.81.2), respectively (P=0.9). Clinical outcome stratified according to the FLT3-ITD length (cutoff 70bp) for all patients treated with intensive chemotherapy. 16, 16911699 (2015). Changes in FLT3 mutation status can occur during the course of disease, but the clinical impact of a change is unclear. Naval Daver. This is in line with the preclinical data49 and molecular profiling of pre- and post-treatment samples66 identifying FLT3-ITDmut as a putative mechanism of resistance to venetoclax based therapies67, suggesting that FLT3-ITDmut patients may need a FLT3i incorporated into the HMA with venetoclax therapy either in a triplet or sequential approach to improve OS. and JavaScript. 100, 184198 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00495-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00495-3. 13, 132 (2020). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Correspondence to Educ. 94, 984991 (2019). An alternate option would be to consider sequencing with alternate cycles of HMA with venetoclax and HMA with FLT3i. To obtain This study shows that the size of FLT3-ITD mutations has no prognostic impact in terms of survival, relapse or CR rate among newly diagnosed AML patients treated with first-line intensive regimens. J. Med. In fact, every quartile increase in FLT3-ITD AR (from 0.01 to 0.20, 0.20 to 0.53, 0.53 to 0.80, 0.80 to 1.19) was associated with worsening complete remission (CR) rates, RFS, and OS, highlighting the prognostic value of AR. While both FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD mutations are common in AML with a normal karyotype, these mutations are also identified in AML with various karyotypic abnormalities. Retrospectively, we investigated the prognostic and predictive. 6,, - 9 In normal bone marrow, FLT3 expression is J. Med. Arsenic trioxide (ATO, As2O3) has been proven effective in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and has shown activity in some cases of refractory and . 4), diligent effort must be made to refer the patient to large academic centers with clinical trial options as the outcomes remain dismal with a median OS<10 months with almost any approach. The number, area and length of mutant peaks on capillary electrophoresis were analyzed using GeneMapper analysis software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The CRc rates with quizartinib were similar to prior studies (48.2%), and 32% patients on the quizartinib arm underwent ASCT compared with 11% with salvage chemotherapy. PubMedGoogle Scholar. J. Hematol. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles 96 1993 2003, Article Stone, R. M. et al. KaplanMeier analysis and log-rank tests were employed to compare different groups.We also carried out an additional OS analysis censoring patients at the time of allo-HSCT. Blood 130, 723 (2017). (B) Relapse-free survival. Despite the encouraging development of FLT3i, resistance to FLT3i is not uncommon and it can be either primary or secondary. In patients with ongoing cytopenias (ANC0.730. Blood 136, 1617 (2020). Phase 1 study of quizartinib in combination with induction and consolidation chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Yamatani, K. et al. Among those with NPM1 wild-type, all FLT3-ITDmut patients had an increased risk of relapse and inferior OS, regardless of the AR17. Regardless of prior FLT3i therapy, gilteritinib-treated patients had CRc rates >40%, however, the median OS with single-agent gilteritinib was 6.5 vs 9.6 months in prior FLT3i exposed (n=31) vs naive patients (n=216) with FLT3mut R/R AML74. NGS, next-generation sequencing. A Conventional approach. 13 95 100. Blood Cancer J. Blood 121, 46554662 (2013). FLT3-ITD is a common driver mutation that presents with a high leukemic burden and confers a poor prognosis in patients with AML. Among patients treated with azacitidine and quizartinib in the frontline setting, the CRc rate was 78% (n=7/9) with a median OS of 21.1 months. A phase I study evaluating gilteritinib with 7+3 induction and high-dose cytarabine consolidation chemotherapy, followed by single-agent maintenance therapy, in patients with newly diagnosed AML showed that gilteritinib 120mg daily was well tolerated. T.C. Naval Daver, M. D. et al.
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