descriptive representation pros and cons

While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. 5 No. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). Affordable. Various reasons clarify why this is. (2012). It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. Bacchi, C. (1999). October 2004. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. Aldershot: Ashgate. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? However, what good representation should be is debated. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. Part of Springer Nature. Olsen, J. P. (2013). Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Ethics, 91, 431450. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Nussbaum, M. (1999). (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. You might also like. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. New York: Routledge. - 136.243.94.45. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Young, I. M. (1990). An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. Goodin, R. 2004. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Equality of opportunity. Minow, M. (1991). 7. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Previous Figure Next Figure. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. A political-philosophical exchange. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. Pennock, J. R. (1979). Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. Young, I. M. (1994). This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. CrossRef Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. (1999). Would perfect mobility be perfect? Galligan, Y. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. Rawls, J. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. (2001). Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Between facts and norms. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. New York: Oxford University Press. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . ), Representation and redistricting issues. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. New York: Verso. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. Democratic legitimacy. blurted this. Feminism, epistemology and morality. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. Register or login to make commenting easier. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. Feminizing politics. A table lists data in columns. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Habermas, J. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Or at least, that's one theory. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. 1. nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. This helps to avoid wastage of time. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. - Volume 55 Issue 2. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. . There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. thanked the writer. Wngnerud, L. (2009). Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . The future of feminism. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Should Congress Look Like America? Gender representation and quotas. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. Letters can be written to their representatives. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. 2. Lovenduski, J. Morone, J. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. People still have a voice. In B. Grofman et al. (1993). / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Crenshaw, K. (1991). London: Palgrave Macmillan. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Democracy With Adequate Representation. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. Gender and discourse. The politics of presence. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . Aldershot: Ashgate. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. A contingent yes. Reisel, L. (2014). NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. #1) Waterfall Model. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. Swift, A. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? ), Women, politics, and change (pp. Voet, R. (1992). Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. 3. For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. Sociologist. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. Disadvantages of proportional representation. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. 6. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. New York: Free Press. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. (2005b). Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? Towards a European union gender equality index. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The concept of representation. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater SDLC models might have a different approach but the basic phases and activity remain the same for all the models. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The affirmative action controversy. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. Toggle navigation. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. Perhaps youve even made it yourself. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. New York: Colombia University Press. 9. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Why democracy? Peter, F. (2011). Required fields are marked *. Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. . If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. This essay will proceed as follows. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. References. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. Conclusion. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. 9. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, Cambridge: Polity Press. . The changing nature of European equality regimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. Quantitativist. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. Pros of Representative Democracy.

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